Prospective life cycle assessment of metal commodities obtained from deep-sea polymetallic nodules
نویسندگان
چکیده
Sustainable metal supply will be essential to achieve climate and sustainability goals (e.g., Paris agreement), for instance by providing the necessary raw materials renewable energy infrastructure systems. The potential exploitation of mineral resources from deep sea polymetallic nodules) can play a major role in this supply. A holistic environmental analysis is needed, order consider entire value chain products obtained out deep-sea exploitation. Therefore, objective study was perform prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) deep-sea-sourced commodities compare it equivalent terrestrial mining. It considered as reference flow one tonne (dry) nodules, using cradle-to-gate approach up final commodities, analyzing delivery market 10.5 kg copper, 12.8 nickel, 2.3 cobalt 311.3 ferromanganese. Three impact categories were analyzed, i.e., change, acidification photochemical oxidant formation. Overall, onshore activities hydrometallurgical processing) are main hotspots impacts metals sourced sea; offshore minor chain. While formation would similar alternatives, bring gains 38% change 72% acidification. As shows, strategic selection location processing nodules key target cleaner production, not only because distance site, but especially available mix. results should interpreted with care, though, due intrinsic limitations LCA study, e.g., nature limited access mining data, amongst others. Nonetheless, regardless imposes, highlights some important benefits that society respect three impacts.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Cleaner Production
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['0959-6526', '1879-1786']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129884